Chapter 43: The Immune System
AP Biology
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Judith S. de Nuño
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Chapter Objectives

    1. Explain nonspecific defense and list nonspecific lines of defense in vertebrate body
    2. Explain how the physical barrier of skin is reinforced by chemical defenses
    3. Define phagocytosis and list 2 types of phagocytic cells derived from white blood cells
    4. Explain how the function of natural killer cells differs from the function of white blood cells
    5. Describe the inflammatory response pattern and how it is triggered
    6. Explain how the inflammatory response prevents the spread of infection to surrounding tissue
    7. List several chemical signals that initiate and mediate the inflammatory response
    8. Describe several systemic reactions to infections and explain how they contribute to defense
    9. Describe a plausible mechanism for how interferon can fight viral infection and might act against cancer
    10. Explain how complement proteins may be activate and how they function in cooperation with other defense mechanisms
    11. Explain how the immune response differs from nonspecific defenses
    12. Distinguish between active and passive immunity
    13. Explain how humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity differ in their defensive activities
    14. Outline the development of B and T lymphocytes from stem cells in red bone marrow
    15. Describe where T and B cells migrate and explain what happens when they are activated by antigens
    16. Characterize antigen molecules in general and explain how a single antigen molecule may stimulate the immune system to produce several different antibodies
    17. Describe the mechanism of clonal selection
    18. Distinguish between primary and secondary immune response
    19. Describe the cellular basis for immunological memory
    20. Describe the cellular basis for self-tolerance
    21. Explain how the humoral response is provoked
    22. Explain how B cells are activated
    23. Diagram and label the structure of an antibody and explain how this structure allows antibodies to perform the following functions
      1. recognize and bind to antigens
      2. assist in destruction and elimination of antigens
    24. Distinguish between variable (V) and constant (C) regions of an antibody molecule
    25. Compare and contrast the structure and function of an enzyme's active site and an antibody's antigen-binding site
    26. List the 5 major classes of antibodies in mammals and distinguish among them
    27. Describe the following effector mechanisms of humoral immunity triggered by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes
      1. neutralization
      2. agglutination
      3. precipitation
      4. activation of complement system
    28. Explain how monoclonal antibodies are produced and give examples of current and potential medical uses
    29. Explain how T-cell receptors recognize self and how macrophages, B cells, and some T cells recognize one another in interactions
    30. Describe an antigen-presenting cell (APC)
    31. Design a flow chart describing the major sequence of events that follows the interaction between antigen presenting macrophages and helper T cells, including both cell-mediated and humoral immunity
    32. Define cytokine and distinguish between interleukin I and interleukin II
    33. Distinguish between T-independent and T-dependent antigens
    34. Describe how cytotoxic T cells recognize and kill their targets
    35. Explain how the function of cytotoxic T cells differs from that of complement and natural killer cells
    36. Describe the function of suppresser T cells
    37. Distinguish between complement's classical and alternative activation pathways
    38. Describe the process of opsonization
    39. For ABO blood groups
      1. list all possible combinations for donor and recipient in blood transfusions
      2. indicate which combinations would cause an immune response in the recipient
      3. state which blood type is the universal donor
    40. Explain how the immune response to Rh factor differs from the response to A and B blood antigens
    41. Describe the potential problem of Rh incompatibility between a mother and her unborn fetus and explain what precautionary measures may be taken
    42. Explain why, other than identical twins, it is virtually impossible for 2 people to have identical MHC markers
    43. Describe the rejection process of transplanted tissue in terms of normal cell-mediated immune response and describe how the immune system can be suppressed in transplant patients
    44. List some known autoimmune disorders and describe possible mechanisms of autoimmunity
    45. Explain why immunodeficient individuals are more susceptible to cancer than normal individuals
    46. Describe an allergic reaction including the role of IgE, mast cells, and histamine
    47. Explain what causes anaphylactic shock and explain how it weakens the immune system
    48. Recall the infectious agent that causes AIDS and explain how it weakens the immune system
    49. Explain how AIDS is transmitted and why it is difficult to produce vaccines to protect uninfected individuals
    50. Describe what it means to be HIV-positive
    51. Explain how general health and mental well being might affect the immune system

Chapter Terms:

lysozyme

phagocytosis

macrophages

eosinophils

natural killer cells

inflammatory response

histamine

basophils

mast cells

prostaglandins

chemokines

pyrogens

complement system

interferon

B lymphocytes (B cells)

T lymphocytes (T cells)

antigens

antibodies

antigen receptors

T cell receptors

effector cells

memory cells

clonal selection

primary immune response

plasma cells

secondary immune response

major histocompatability complex (MHC)

class I MHC

class II MHC

antigen presentation

cytotoxic T cells

helper T cells

humoral immunity

cell-mediated immunity

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

cytokines

interleukin 1

interleukin 2

suppresser T cells

CD8

CD4

target cell

perforin

tumor antigen

T-dependent antigen

T-independent antigen

epitope

immunoglobulins (Ig)

heavy chains

light chains

monoclonal antibodies

neutralization

opsonization

agglutination

complement fixation

membrane attack complex

immune adherence

active immunity

immunization

vaccination

passive immunity

transfusion reaction

Rh factor

graft versus host reaction

anaphylactic shock

AIDS

opportunistic diseases

human immunodeficiency virus

HIV-positive

 

Chapter Outline Framework

    1. Nonspecific Defenses against Infection
      1. Skin and mucous membranes provide 1st-line barriers to infection
      2. Phagocytic cells, inflammation, and antimicrobial proteins function early in infection
    2. Specific Immunity
      1. Lymphocytes provide specificity and diversity of immune system
      2. Antigens interact with specific lymphocytes inducing immune responses and immunological memory
      3. Lymphocyte development gives rise to an immune system that distinguishes self from non-self
    3. Immune Responses
      1. Helper lymphocytes function in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
      2. In cell-mediated response, cytotoxic T cells defend against intracellular pathogens
      3. In humoral response, B cells produce antibodies against extracellular pathogens
    4. Immunity in Health and Disease
      1. Immunity can be achieved naturally or artificially
      2. Immune system capacity to distinguish self from non-self limits blood transfusion and transplantation
      3. Abnormal immune function can lead to disease
      4. Invertebrates have a rudimentary immune system

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