Chapters 46~47: Animal Reproduction and Development
AP Biology
Stoneleigh-Burnham School
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Judith S. de Nuño
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Chapter Objectives

    1. Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction
    2. list and describe 4 forms of asexual reproduction
    3. Explain how asexual reproduction may be advantageous for a population of organisms living in a stable, favorable environment
    4. Explain the advantages of sexual reproduction
    5. Explain the importance of reproductive cycles
    6. Distinguish among parthenogenesis, hermaphroditism, and sequential hemaphroditism
    7. Describe 3 mechanisms which increase the probability of successful fertilization that are found in organisms that use external fertilization
    8. List and describe various methods of parental care by animals
    9. Using a diagram, identify and give the function of each part of the reproductive systems of an insect and a platyhelminth
    10. Using a diagram identify and give the function of each component of the reproductive system of the human male
    11. Using a diagram identify and give the function of each component of the reproductive system of the human female
    12. Discuss hormonal control of reproduction in male mammals
    13. Explain the differences between menstrual and estrous cycles
    14. Discuss hormonal control of reproduction in female mammals
    15. Explain how the menstrual cycle and ovarian cycle are synchronized in female mammals
    16. Describe spermatogenesis
    17. Describe oogenesis
    18. Compare and contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis
    19. Describe the hormonal changes which occur at puberty in humans
    20. Describe the 4 phases of the sexual response cycle
    21. Describe the changes which occur in the developing embryo and the mother during each trimester of a human pregnancy
    22. Describe the hormonal control of a pregnancy in a human female
    23. Explain the possible mechanisms which prevent the mother's immune system from rejecting the developing embryo
    24. List various methods of contraception and explain how they work
    25. Explain how technological advancements are used to study human reproduction problems

     

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    1. List the 2 functions of fertilization
    2. Describe the acrosomal reaction and explain how it ensures that gametes are conspecific
    3. Describe the cortical reaction
    4. Explain how acrosomal and cortical reactions function sequentially to prevent polyspermy
    5. Describe changes that occur in an activated egg and explain the importance of cytoplasmic materials to egg activation
    6. Explain the importance of embryo polarity during cleavage
    7. Describe the process of gastrulation and explain its importance
    8. List adult structures derived from each of the primary tissue layers
    9. Using diagrams, identify the various stages of embryonic development of an amphibian
    10. Distinguish between meroblastic cleavage and holoblastic cleavage
    11. List and explain the functions of the extraembryonic membranes in bird and reptile eggs
    12. Compare and contrast development in birds and mammals
    13. Explain the relationships among polarity, cytoplasmic determinants, and development
    14. Describe how cell extension, contraction, and adhesion are involved in shaping the embryo
    15. Explain how interactions among the 3 primary tissue layers influence organogenesis
    16. Explain the relationship between cytoplasmic cues and cell determination
    17. Describe the importance of cell location and orientation along the 3 body axes with respect to polarity in the embryo, morphogenetic movements, and pattern formation
    18. Explain how positional cues influence pattern formation

Chapter Terms:

Chapter 46 Terms

asexual reproduction

sexual reproduction

gametes

zygote

ovum

spermatozoon

fission

budding

gemmules

fragmentation

regeneration

parthenogenesis

hermaphroditism

sequential hermaphroditism

protogynous

protandrous

fertilization

external fertilization

internal fertilization

pheromones

gonads

spermatheca

cloaca

testes

somniferous tubules

Leydig cells

scrotum

epididymis

ejaculation

vas deferens

ejaculatory duct

urethra

semen

seminal vesicles

prostate gland

bulbourethral glands

penis

baculum

glans penis

prepuce

ovaries

follicles

ovulation

corpus luteum

oviduct

uterus

endometrium

cervix

vagina

hymen

vestibule

labia minora

labia majora

clitoris

Bartholin's glands

mammary glands

vasocongestion

myotonia

coitus

orgasm

spermatogenesis

acrosome

oogenesis

menstrual cycle

estrous cycles

menstruation

estrus

menstrual flow phase

proliferative phase

secretory phase

ovarian cycle

follicular phase

luteal phase

menopause

pregnancy (gestation)

embryos

conception

trimesters

cleavage

blastocyst

placenta

organogenesis

fetus

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

parturition

labor

lactation

contraception

rhythm method

natural family planning

barrier methods

condom

tubal ligation

vasectomy

in vitro fertilization

Chapter 47 Terms

preformation

epigenesis

acrosomal reaction

fast block to polyspermy

cortical reaction

cortical granules

fertilization membrane

slow block to polyspermy

zona pellucida

cleavage

blastomeres

yolk

vegetal pole

animal pole

grey crescent

morula

blastocoel

blastula

meroblastic cleavage

holoblastic cleavage

gastrulation

gastrula

ectoderm

endoderm

mesoderm

invagination

archenteron

blastopore

dorsal lip

involution

yolk plug

organogenesis

notochord

neural tube

somites

amniotes

blastodisc

primitive streak

extraembryonic membranes

yolk sac

amnion

chorion

allantois

blastocyst

inner cell mass

trophoblast

convergent extension

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

cadherins

fate map

pattern formation

positional information

apical epidermal ridge (AER)

zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)

 

Chapter Outline Framework

    1. Overview of Animal Reproduction
      1. Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom
      2. Diverse means of sexual reproduction enable animals to produce identical offspring rapidly
      3. Reproductive cycles and patterns vary extensively among animals
    2. Mechanisms of Sexual Reproduction
      1. Internal and external fertilization depend on mechanisms ensuring that mature sperm encounter fertile eggs of the same species
      2. Species with internal fertilization usually produce fewer zygotes but provide more parental protection than species with external fertilization
      3. Complex reproductive systems have evolved in many animal phyla
    3. Mammalian Reproduction
      1. Human reproduction involves intricate anatomy and complex behavior
      2. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis both involve meiosis but differ in 3 significant ways
      3. Complex interplay of hormones regulates reproduction
      4. Embryonic and fetal development occur during pregnancy in humans and other eutherian (placental) mammals
      5. Modern technology offers solutions for some reproductive problems
    4. Stages of Early Embryonic Development
      1. From egg to organism, an animal's form develops gradually (epigenesis)
      2. Fertilization activates the egg and brings together sperm and egg nuclei
      3. Cleavage partitions the zygote into many smaller cells
      4. Gastrulation rearranges the blastula to form a 3-layered embryo with a primitive gut
      5. In organogenesis the organs of the animal body form from the 3 embryonic germ layers
      6. Amniote embryos develop a fluid-filled sac within a shell or uterus
    5. Cellular and Molecular Basis of Morphogenesis and Differentiation
      1. Morphogenesis in animals involves specific changes in cell shape, position, and adhesion
      2. Developmental fate of cells depends on cytoplasmic determinants and cell~cell induction
      3. Fate mapping can reveal cell genealogies in chordate embryos
      4. Eggs of vertebrates contain cytoplasmic determinants that help establish the body axes and differences among cells in the early embryo
      5. Inductive signals drive differentiation and pattern formation in vertebrates

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