Chapter
Objectives
- Describe
techniques used to study cell structure and function
- Distinguish
between magnification and resolving power
- Describe
the principles, advantages, and limitations of the light microscope,
transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the scanning electron
microscope (SEM)
- Describe
the major steps of cell fractionation and explain why it is
a useful technique
- Distinguish
between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- Explain
why there are upper and lower limits to cell size
- Explain
why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
- Describe
the structure and function of the nucleus and explain how
the nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
- Describe
the structure and function of a eukaryotic ribosome
- List
the components of the endomembrane system, describe their
structures and functions, and summarize the relationships
among them
- Explain
how impaired lysosomal function causes the symptoms of storage
disease
- Describe
the types of vacuoles and explain how their functions differ
- Explain
the role of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells
- Describe
the structure of a mitochondrion and explain the importance
of compartmentalization in mitochondrial function
- Distinguish
among amyloplast, chromoplast, and chloroplast
- dentify
the 3 functional compartments of a chloroplast and explain
the importance of compartmentalization in chloroplast function
- Describe
probable functions of the cytoskeleton
- Describe
the structure, monomers, and functions of microtubules, microfilaments,
and intermediate filaments
- Explain
how the ultrastructure of cilia and flagella relates to their
function
- Describe
the development of plant cell walls
- Describe
the structure and list some functions of the extracellular
matrix in animal cells
- Describe
the structure of intercellular junctions found in plant and
animal cells and relate their structure to function
********************************
- Describe
the functions of the plasma membrane
- Explain
how scientists used early experimental evidence to make deductions
about membrane structure and function
- Describe
the Davson-Danielli membrane model and explain how it contributed
to our current understanding of membrane structure
- Describe
the contributions J. D. Robertson, S. J. Singer, and G. L.
Nicolson made to clarify membrane structure
- Describe
the fluid properties of the cell membrane and explain how
membrane fluidity is influenced by membrane composition
- Explain
how hydrophobic interactions determine membrane structure
and function
- Describe
how proteins are spatially arranged in the cell membrane and
how they contribute to membrane function
- Describe
the diffusion process and explain why it is a spontaneous
process
- Explain
what regulates the rate of passive transport
- Explain
why a concentration gradient across a membrane represents
potential energy
- Define
osmosis and predict the direction of water movement based
upon differences in solute concentration
- Explain
how bound water affects the osmotic behavior of dilute biological
fluids
- Describe
how living cells with and without walls regulate water balance
- Explain
how transport proteins are similar to enzymes
- Describe
one model for facilitated diffusion
- Explain
how active transport differs from diffusion
- Explain
what mechanisms can generate a membrane potential or electrochemical
gradient
- Explain
ho potential energy generated by transmembrane solute gradients
can be harvested by the cell and used to transport substances
cross the membrane
- Explain
how large molecules are transported across the cell membrane
- Give
an example of receptor=mediated endocytosis
- Explain
how membrane proteins interface with and respond to changes
in the extracellular environment
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Chapter
Terms:
Chapter
6 |
organelle
TEM
SEM
cell fractionation
cytoplasm
prokaryotic
cell
nucleoid
cytoplasm
cytosol
plasma
membrane
nucleus
nuclear
lamina
chromatin
chromosome
nucleolus
ribosome
endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
smooth
ER
rough ER |
glycoprotein
transport
vesicles
Golgi apparatus
phagocytosis
food vacuole
contractile
vacuole
central
vacuole
peroxisome
mitochondria
chloroplast
cristae
mitochondrial
matrix
plastid
thylakoid
granlakoids
stroma
cytoskeleton
microtubules
microfilaments
integrin |
centrosome
centriole
flagella
cilia
basal body
actin
myosin
pseudopodia
cytoplasmic
streaming
cell wall
primary
cell wall
middle
lamella
secondary
cell wall
extracellular
matrix
collagen
proteoglycan
fibronectin
plasmodesmata
tight junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions |
Chapter
7 |
selective
permeability
amphipathic
fluid mosaic
model
integral
proteins
peripheral
proteins
transport
proteins
diffusion
concentration
gradient
passive
transport
hypertonic |
hypotonic
isotonic
osmosis
osmoregulation
turgid
plasmolysis
facilitated
diffusion
gated channels
active
transport
Na-K pump |
membrane
potential
electrochemical
gradient
electrogenic
pump
proton
pump
cotransport
exocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated
endocytosis
ligands |
|
Chapter
Outline Framework
- How We Study Cells
- Microscopes provide
windows to the world of the cell
- Cell biologists can
isolate organelles to study their functions
- A Panoramic View of
the Cell
- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells differ in size and complexity
- Internal membranes
compartmentalize the functions of eukaryotic cell
- The Nucleus and Ribosomes
- The nucleus contains
a eukaryotic cell's genetic library
- Ribosomes build a
cell's proteins
- The Endomembrane System
- The endoplasmic reticulum
manufactures membranes and performs many other biosynthetic
functions
- Smooth ER functions
- Synthesis
of lipids, Phospholipids, steroids
- Carbohydrate
metabolism
- Detoxification
of drugs and poisons
- Storage of
calcium ions for muscle contraction
- Rough ER and protein
synthesis
- Rough ER and membrane
production
- The Golgi apparatus
finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
- Lysosomes are digestive
compartments
- Lysosome function
- Intracellular
digestion
- Recycle cell's
organic materials
- Programmed
cell destruction
- Lysosomes and
human storage diseases
- Vacuoles have diverse
functions in cell maintenance
- Other Membranous Organelles
- Peroxisomes consume
oxygen in various metabolic functions
- Mitochondria transform
energy
- Chloroplasts transform
energy
- The Cytoskeleton
- Provides structural
support for cell motility and regulation
- Microtubules
- Centrosomes and
centrioles
- Cilia and flagella
- Microfilaments
- Cell support
- Muscle contraction
- Localized cell
contraction
- Intermediate filaments
- Tension bearing
- Reinforce cell
shape
- Fix organelle
positions
- Compose nuclear
lamina
- Cell Surfaces and Junctions
- Plant cells are encased
by cell walls
- The extracellular
matrix (ECM) of animal cells functions in support, adhesion,
movement, and development
- Intercellular junctions
help integrate cells into higher levels of structure and
function
- Membrane Structure
- Membrane models have
evolved to fit new data
- A membrane is a fluid
mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
- The fluid quality
of membranes
- Membranes as mosaics
of structure and function
- Membrane carbohydrates
and cell-cell recognition
- Traffic Across Membranes
- A membrane's molecular
organization results in selective permeability
- Permeability
of the lipid bilayer
- Nonpolar
(hydrophobic) molecules
- Polar (hydrophilic)
molecules
- Transport proteins
- Passive transport
is diffusion across a membrane
- Osmosis the passive
transport of water
- Cell survival depends
on balancing water uptake and loss
- Water
balance of cells without walls
- Water balance
of cells with walls
- Specific proteins
facilitate the passive transport of selected solutes
- Active transport is
the pumping of solutes against their gradients
- Some ion pumps generate
voltage across membranes
- In cotransport a
membrane protein couples the transport of one solute to
another
- Exocytosis and endocytosis
transport large molecules
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