Chapters 6~7: Cell Structure
AP Biology
Stoneleigh-Burnham School
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Judith S. de Nuño
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Chapter Objectives

    1. Describe techniques used to study cell structure and function
    2. Distinguish between magnification and resolving power
    3. Describe the principles, advantages, and limitations of the light microscope, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the scanning electron microscope (SEM)
    4. Describe the major steps of cell fractionation and explain why it is a useful technique
    5. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
    6. Explain why there are upper and lower limits to cell size
    7. Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
    8. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus and explain how the nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
    9. Describe the structure and function of a eukaryotic ribosome
    10. List the components of the endomembrane system, describe their structures and functions, and summarize the relationships among them
    11. Explain how impaired lysosomal function causes the symptoms of storage disease
    12. Describe the types of vacuoles and explain how their functions differ
    13. Explain the role of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells
    14. Describe the structure of a mitochondrion and explain the importance of compartmentalization in mitochondrial function
    15. Distinguish among amyloplast, chromoplast, and chloroplast
    16. dentify the 3 functional compartments of a chloroplast and explain the importance of compartmentalization in chloroplast function
    17. Describe  probable functions of the cytoskeleton
    18. Describe the structure, monomers, and functions of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
    19. Explain how the ultrastructure of cilia and flagella relates to their function
    20. Describe the development of plant cell walls
    21. Describe the structure and list some functions of the extracellular matrix in animal cells
    22. Describe the structure of intercellular junctions found in plant and animal cells and relate their structure to function
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    23. Describe the functions of the plasma membrane
    24. Explain how scientists used early experimental evidence to make deductions about membrane structure and function
    25. Describe the Davson-Danielli membrane model and explain how it contributed to our current understanding of membrane structure
    26. Describe the contributions  J. D. Robertson, S. J. Singer, and G. L. Nicolson  made to clarify membrane structure
    27. Describe the fluid properties of the cell membrane and explain how membrane fluidity is influenced by membrane composition
    28. Explain how hydrophobic interactions determine membrane structure and function
    29. Describe how proteins are spatially arranged in the cell membrane and how they contribute to membrane function
    30. Describe the diffusion process and explain why it is a spontaneous process
    31. Explain what regulates the rate of passive transport
    32. Explain why a concentration gradient across a membrane represents potential energy
    33. Define osmosis and predict the direction of water movement based upon differences in solute concentration
    34. Explain how bound water affects the osmotic behavior of dilute biological fluids
    35. Describe how living cells with and without walls regulate water balance
    36. Explain how transport proteins are similar to enzymes
    37. Describe one model for facilitated diffusion
    38. Explain how active transport differs from diffusion
    39. Explain what mechanisms can generate a membrane potential or electrochemical gradient
    40. Explain ho potential energy generated by transmembrane solute gradients can be harvested by the cell and used to transport substances cross the membrane
    41. Explain how large molecules are transported across the cell membrane
    42. Give an example of receptor=mediated endocytosis
    43. Explain how membrane proteins interface with and respond to changes in the extracellular environment

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Chapter Terms:

Chapter 6

organelle

TEM

SEM

cell fractionation

cytoplasm

prokaryotic cell

nucleoid

cytoplasm

cytosol

plasma membrane

nucleus

nuclear lamina

chromatin

chromosome

nucleolus

ribosome

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

smooth ER

rough ER

glycoprotein

transport vesicles

Golgi apparatus

phagocytosis

food vacuole

contractile vacuole

central vacuole

peroxisome

mitochondria

chloroplast

cristae

mitochondrial matrix

plastid

thylakoid

granlakoids

stroma

cytoskeleton

microtubules

microfilaments

integrin

centrosome

centriole

flagella

cilia

basal body

actin

myosin

pseudopodia

cytoplasmic streaming

cell wall

primary cell wall

middle lamella

secondary cell wall

extracellular matrix

collagen

proteoglycan

fibronectin

plasmodesmata

tight junctions

desmosomes

gap junctions

Chapter 7

selective permeability

amphipathic

fluid mosaic model

integral proteins

peripheral proteins

transport proteins

diffusion

concentration gradient

passive transport

hypertonic

hypotonic

isotonic

osmosis

osmoregulation

turgid

plasmolysis

facilitated diffusion

gated channels

active transport

Na-K pump

membrane potential

electrochemical gradient

electrogenic pump

proton pump

cotransport

exocytosis

phagocytosis

pinocytosis

receptor-mediated endocytosis

ligands

 

Chapter Outline Framework

  1. How We Study Cells
    1. Microscopes provide windows to the world of the cell
    2. Cell biologists can isolate organelles to study their functions
  2. A Panoramic View of the Cell
    1. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in size and complexity
    2. Internal membranes compartmentalize the functions of eukaryotic cell
  3. The Nucleus and Ribosomes
    1. The nucleus contains a eukaryotic cell's genetic library
    2. Ribosomes build a cell's proteins
  4. The Endomembrane System
    1. The endoplasmic reticulum manufactures membranes and performs many other biosynthetic functions
      1. Smooth ER functions
        1. Synthesis of lipids, Phospholipids, steroids
        2. Carbohydrate metabolism
        3. Detoxification of drugs and poisons
        4. Storage of calcium ions for muscle contraction
      2. Rough ER and protein synthesis
      3. Rough ER and membrane production
    2. The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
    3. Lysosomes are digestive compartments
      1. Lysosome function
        1. Intracellular digestion
        2. Recycle cell's organic materials
        3. Programmed cell destruction
      2. Lysosomes and human storage diseases
    4. Vacuoles have diverse functions in cell maintenance
  5. Other Membranous Organelles
    1. Peroxisomes consume oxygen in various metabolic functions
    2. Mitochondria transform energy
    3. Chloroplasts transform energy
  6. The Cytoskeleton
    1. Provides structural support for cell motility and regulation
    2. Microtubules
      1. Centrosomes and centrioles
      2. Cilia and flagella
    3. Microfilaments
      1. Cell support
      2. Muscle contraction
      3. Localized cell contraction
    4. Intermediate filaments
      1. Tension bearing
      2. Reinforce cell shape
      3. Fix organelle positions
      4. Compose nuclear lamina
  7. Cell Surfaces and Junctions
    1. Plant cells are encased by cell walls
    2. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells functions in support, adhesion, movement, and development
    3. Intercellular junctions help integrate cells into higher levels of structure and function
  8. Membrane Structure
    1. Membrane models have evolved to fit new data
    2. A membrane is a fluid mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
      1. The fluid quality of membranes
      2. Membranes as mosaics of structure and function
      3. Membrane carbohydrates and cell-cell recognition
  9. Traffic Across Membranes
    1. A membrane's molecular organization results in selective permeability
      1. Permeability of the lipid bilayer
        1. Nonpolar (hydrophobic) molecules
        2. Polar (hydrophilic) molecules
      2. Transport proteins
    2. Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane
    3. Osmosis the passive transport of water
    4. Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake and loss
      1. Water balance of cells without walls
      2. Water balance of cells with walls
    5. Specific proteins facilitate the passive transport of selected solutes
    6. Active transport is the pumping of solutes against their gradients
    7. Some ion pumps generate voltage across membranes
    8. In cotransport a membrane protein couples the transport of one solute to another
    9. Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules

 

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