Chapter Objectives

1. Outline the angiosperm life cycle
2. List the 4 floral parts in their order from outside to inside the flower
3. From a diagram of an idealized flower, correctly label the following structures and describe their function
   1. sepals
   2. petals
   3. stamen: filament and anther
   4. pistil: stigma, style, ovary, carpal, ovule
4. Distinguish between complete and incomplete flowers
5. Distinguish between perfect and imperfect flowers
6. Distinguish between monoecious and dioecious
7. Explain by which generation, structure, and process spores are produced
8. Explain by which generation, structure, and process gametes are produced
9. Describe the formation of pollen grains in angiosperms
10. Distinguish among generative nucleus, tube nucleus, and sperm nucleus in developing pollen grain
11. Describe the development of an embryo sac and explain what happens to each of its cells
12. Distinguish between pollination and fertilization
13. Describe how pollen can be transferred between flowers
14. Describe mechanisms that prevent self-pollination and explain how this contribute to genetic variation
15. Outline the process of double fertilization and describe the function of endosperm
16. Describe the development of a plant embryo from the 1st mitotic division to an embryonic plant with rudimentary organs
17. From a diagram identify the following structures of a seed and recall a function for each
    1. seed coat
    2. embryo
    3. hypocotyl
    4. radicle
    5. epicotyl
    6. plumule
    7. endosperm
    8. cotyledons
    9. shoot apex
18. Explain how a monocot and dicot seed differ
19. Describe several functions of fruit and explain how fruits form
20. Distinguish among simple, aggregate, and multiple fruits and give examples of each
21. Explain how seed dormancy can be advantageous to a plant and describe some conditions for breaking dormancy
22. Using a cereal as an example, explain how a seed mobilizes its food reserves and describe the function of aleurone, alpha-amylase, and gibberellic acid
23. Describe variations in the process of germination including the fate of the radicle, shot tip, hypocotyl, epicotyl, and cotyledons
24. Distinguish between sexual reproduction and vegetative reproduction
25. Describe natural mechanisms of vegetative reproduction in plants including fragmentation and apomixes
26. Describe various methods horticulturists use to vegetatively propagate plants from cuttings
27. Explain how the technique of plant tissue culture can be used to clone and genetically engineer plants
28. Describe the process of protoplast fusion and its potential agricultural impact
29. Define monoculture and list its benefits and risks
30. Compare sexual and asexual reproduction in plants and explain their adaptive roles in plant populations

Chapter Terms:

Chapter Outline Framework

1. Sexual Reproduction
   1. Sporophyte and gametophyte generations alternate in the life cycles of plants
   2. Male and female gametophytes develop within anthers and ovaries, respectively
   3. Pollination brings female and male gametes together
   4. Researchers are unraveling the molecular mechanisms of self-incompatibility
   5. Double fertilization gives rise to the zygote and endosperm
   6. The ovule develops into a seed containing an embryo and a supply of nutrients
   7. The ovary develops into a fruit adapted for seed dispersal
   8. Evolutionary adaptations of seed germination contribute to seedling survival
2. Asexual Reproduction
1. Many plants can clone themselves by asexual reproduction
2. Vegetative propagation of plants is common in agriculture
3. Sexual and asexual reproduction are complementary in the life histories of may plants
3. Cellular Mechanisms of Plant Development
1. Growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation produce the plant body
2. Cytoskeleton guides cell division and expansion
3. Cell differentiation depends on gene regulation
4. Pattern formation determines the location and tissue organization of plant organs

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