Chapter Objectives

1. List the characteristics of an angiosperm
2. Explain the difference between monocots and dicots
3. Describe the importance of root systems and shoot systems to plants and explain how they work together
4. Explain how taproot systems and fibrous root systems differ
5. Explain the differences between stolons and rhizomes
6. Describe how plant cells grow
7. Distinguish between parenchyma and collenchyma cells with regards to structure and function
8. Describe the differences in structure and function of the 2 types of sclerenchyma cells
9. Explain the importance of tracheids and vessel elements to plants
10. Distinguish between water-conducting cells and sieve-tube members with regards to structure and function
11. Explain the differences between simple tissues and complex tissues
12. Explain the importance of a cuticle on the aerial parts of a plant and its absence on roots
13. Describe the function of the dermal tissue system, vascular tissue systems, and ground tissue systems
14. Distinguish among annual, biannual, and perennial plants
15. Explain the importance of the endodermis to a plant
16. Describe the importance of an apical meristem to the primary growth of shoots
17. Distinguish between the arrangement of vascular tissues in roots and shoots
18. Distinguish between the arrangement of vascular tissues in roots and shoots
19. Describe how wood forms due to secondary growth of stems
20. Using a diagram, describe the basic structure of root, stem, and leaf

 

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21. List 3 levels in which transport in plants occurs and describe the role of aquaporins
22. Trace the path of water and minerals from outside the root to the shoot system
23. Provide experimental evidence that links plant cellular respiration to mineral accumulation
24. Explain how a proton pump may affect mineral transport in plants
25. Describe the symplast and apoplast routes for the transit of water and minerals across the root cortex from the epidermis to the stele
26. Explain the function of the Casparian strip
27. Explain how solutes are transferred between the symplast and the apoplast
28. Define water potential
29. Explain how solute concentration and pressure affects water potential
30. Predict the direction of net water movement based upon differences in water potential between a plant cell and a hypoosmotic environment, a hyperosmotic environment, and an isotonic environment
31. Explain how root pressure is created by some plants and how it causes guttation
32. According to the transpiration~cohesion~adhesion theory, describe how xylem sap can be pulled upward in xylem vessels
33. Explain why a water potential gradient is required for the passive flow of water through a plant from soil
34. Compare the transpiration~to~photosynthesis ration between C₃ and C₄ plants
35. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of transpiration
36. Explain how guard cells control the stomata aperture and how this, in turn, can affect photosynthetic rate and transpiration
37. Explain how K⁺ fluxes across the guard cell membrane affects guard cell function
38. List 3 cues that contribute to stomata opening at dawn
39. Describe environmental stresses that can cause stomata to close during the daytime
40. Explain how xerophytes can be adapted to arid climates
41. Explain how crassulacean acid metabolism allows CAM plants to reduce the transpiration rate
42. Describe source~to~sink transport in phloem and explain what determines the direction of pholem sap flow
43. Compare; the process of phloem loading between plants such as corn and squash
44. Give 1 explanation for how a proton pump can allow for selective accumulation of sucrose in the symplast
45. Explain what causes phloem sap to flow from source to sink and describe how a scientist can study pressure-flow in phloem

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46. Describe the chemical composition of plants including
    1. percent of wet weight as water
    2. percent of dry weight as organic substances
    3. percent of dry weight as inorganic minerals
47. Explain how hydroponic culture is used to determine which minerals are essential nutrients
48. Distinguish between macronutrient and micronutrient
49. Recall the 9 macronutrients required by plants and describe their importance in normal plant structure and metabolism
50. List 7 micronutrients required by plants and explain why plants need only minute quantities of these elements
51. Explain how a nutrient's role and mobility determine the symptoms of a mineral deficiency
52. Explain how soil is formed
53. Explain what determines the texture of topsoil and list the type of soil particles fro coarsest to smallest
54. Describe the composition of loams and explain why they are the most fertile soils
55. Explain how humus contributes to the texture and composition of soil
56. Explain why plants cannot extract all of the water in soil
57. Define cation exchange, explain why it is necessary for plant nutrition, and describe how plants can stimulate the process
58. Explain why soil management is necessary in agricultural systems but not in natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands
59. List the 3 mineral elements that are most commonly deficient in farm soils
60. Describe the environmental consequence of overusing commercial fertilizers
61. Explain how soil pH determines the effectiveness of fertilizers and a plant's ability to absorb specific mineral nutrients
62. Describe problems resulting from farm irrigation in arid regions and list several current approaches to solving these problems
63. Describe precautions that can reduce wing and water erosion
64. Define nitrogen fixation and write the overall equation representing the conversion of gaseous nitrogen to ammonia
65. Distinguish between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and nitrifying bacteria
66. Recall the forms of nitrogen than plants can absorb and describe how they are used by plants
67. Beginning with free-living rhizobial bacteria, describe the development of a root nodule
68. Explain why the symbiosis between a legume and its nitrogen-fixing bacteria is considered to be mutualisitic
69. Recall 2 functions of leghemoglobin and explain why its synthesis is evidence for coevolution
70. Describe the basis for crop rotation
71. Describe agricultural research methods used to improve the quality and quantity of proteins in plant crops
72. Discuss the relationships between root nodule formation and mycorrhizae development
73. Describe modifications for nutrition that have evolved among plants including parasitic plants, carnivorous plants, and mycorrhizae

Chapter Terms:

Chapter Outline Framework

1. Introduction to Modern Plant Biology
   1. Molecular biology is revolutionizing the study of plants
   2. Plant biology reflects the major themes in the study of life
2. The Angiosperm Body
   1. A plant's root and shoot systems are evolutionary adaptations to living on land
   2. Structural adaptations of protoplasts and walls equip plant cells for their specialized functions
   3. The cells of a plant are organized into dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems
3. Plant Growth
1. Meristems generate cells for new organs throughout the lifetime f a plant
2. Primary growth: apical meristems extend roots and shoots by giving rise to the primary plant body
3. Secondary growth: lateral meristems add girth by producing 2y vascular tissue and periderm
4. An Overview of Transport Mechanisms in Plans
1. Transport at the cellular level depends on the selective permeability of membranes
2. Proton pumps play a central role in transport across plant membranes
3. Differences in water potential drive water transport
4. Vacuolated cells have 3 major compartments
5. The symplast and apoplast both function in transport within tissues and organs
6. Bulk flow functions in long-distance transport
5. Absorption of Water and Minerals by Roots
1. Root hairs, mycorrhizae, and a large surface area of cortical cells enhance water and mineral absorption
2. The endodermis functions as a selective sentry between the root cortex and vascular tissue
6. Transport of Xylem Sap
1. The ascent of xylem sap depends mainly on transpiration and the physical properties of water
2. Xylem sap ascends by solar-powered bulk flow
7. The Control of Transpiration
1. Guard cells mediate the photosynthesis~transpiration compromise
2. Xerophytes have evolutionary adaptations that reduce transpiration
8. Translocation of Phloem Sap
   1. Phloem translocates its sap from sugar sources to sugar sinks
   2. Pressure flow is the mechanism of translocation in angiosperms
9. Nutritional Requirements of Plants
1. Chemical composition of plants provides clues to nutritional requirements
2. Plants require 9 macronucrients and at least 8 micronutrients
3. Symptoms of mineral deficiency depend on the function and mobility of the element that is deficient
10. Soil
1. Soil characteristics are key environmental factors of terrestrial ecosystems
2. Soil conservation is 1 step toward sustainable agriculture
11. Special Case of Nitrogen as a Plant Nutrient
1. Metabolism of soil bacterial makes nitrogen available to plants
2. Improving the protein yield of crops is a major goal of agricultural research
12. Nutritional Adaptations: Symbiosis of Plants and Soil Microbes
1. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation results from intricate interactions between roots and bacteria
2. Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations of roots and fungi that enhance plant nutrition
3. Mycorrhizae and root nodules may have an evolutionary relationship
13. Nutritional Adaptations: Parasitism and Predation by Plants
1. Parasitic plants extract nutrients from other plants
2. Carnivorous plants supplement their mineral nutrition by preying on animals

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