Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
AP Biology
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Chapter Objectives

    1. List major animal phyla with gastrovascular cavities and explain why they do not need a circulatory system
    2. Distinguish between open and closed circulatory systems
    3. Using an arthropod as an example, describe the circulation of hemolymph
    4. Explain how hemolymph differs from blood
    5. Using an earthworm as an example, describe circulation of blood and explain how it exchanges materials with interstitial fluid
    6. List the components of a vertebrate cardiovascular system
    7. Distinguish between an artery and a vein
    8. Using diagrams, compare and contrast the circulatory systems of birds, amphibians, and mammals
    9. Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circuits and explain the function of each
    10. Explain the advantage of double circulation over a single circuit
    11. Trace a drop of blood through the human heart, listing structures it passes through en route
    12. List the 4 heart valves, describe their location, and explain their function
    13. Distinguish between systole and diastole
    14. Describe the events of the cardiac cycle and explain what causes the 1st and 2nd heart sounds
    15. Define heart murmur and explain its cause
    16. Define pulse and describe the relationship between size and pulse rate among different mammals
    17. Define cardiac output and explain how it is affected by a change in heart rate or stroke volume
    18. Define myogenic and describe some unique properties of cardiac muscle which allows it to contract in a coordinated manner
    19. Define pacemaker and describe the location of 2 patches of nodal tissue in the human heart
    20. Describe the origin and pathway of the action potential (Cardiac impulse) in the normal human heart
    21. Explain why it is important that the cardiac impulse be delayed at the AV node
    22. Explain how the pace of the SA node can be modulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, changes in temperature, physical conditioning, and exercise
    23. Compare the structures of arteries and veins and explain how differences in their structures are related to differences in their function
    24. Describe how capillary structure differs from other vessels and explain how this structure relates to its function
    25. Recall the law of continuity and explain why blood flow through capillary beds is substantially slower than it is through arteries and veins
    26. Define blood pressure and describe how it is measured
    27. Explain how peripheral resistance and cardiac output affect blood pressure
    28. Explain how blood returns to the heart even though it must travel from lower extremities against gravity
    29. Define microcirculation and explain how blood flow through capillary beds is regulated
    30. Explain how osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure regulate the exchange of fluid and solutes across capillaries
    31. Describe the composition of lymph and explain how the lymphatic system helps the normal functioning of the circulatory system
    32. Explain why protein deficiency can cause edema
    33. Explain how the lymphatic system helps defend the body against infection
    34. Explain why vertebrate blood is classified as connective tissue
    35. List the components of blood and describe a function for each
    36. Outline the formation of erythrocytes from stem cells to destruction by phagocytic cells
    37. Outline the sequence of events that occurs during blood clotting and explain what prevents spontaneous clotting in the absence of injury
    38. Explain how atherosclerosis affects the arteries
    39. Distinguish between
      1. thrombus and embolus
      2. atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis
      3. low density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high density lipoproteins (HDLs)
    40. List risk factors for cardiovascular disease
    41. Describe general requirements for a respiratory surface and list the variety of respiratory organs adapted for this purpose
    42. Describe respiratory adaptations of aquatic animals
    43. Describe countercurrent exchange and explain why it is more efficient than concurrent flow of water or blood
    44. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of air as a respiratory medium and explain how insect tracheal systems are adapted for efficient gas exchange in a terrestrial environment
    45. For the human respiratory system, describe the movement of air through air passageways to the alveolus, listing the structures it must pass on its journey
    46. Define negative pressure breathing and explain how respiratory movements in humans ventilate the lungs
    47. Define the following lung volumes and give a normal range of capacities for the human male
      1. tidal volume
      2. vital capacity
      3. residual volume
    48. Explain how breathing is controlled
    49. List 3 barriers oxygen must cross from alveolus into capillaries and explain the advantage of having millions of alveoli in the lungs
    50. Describe how oxygen moves from the alveolus into the capillary and explain why a pressure gradient is necessary
    51. Distinguish between hemocyanin and hemoglobin
    52. Describe the structure of hemoglobin and explain the result of cooperative binding and state how many oxygen molecules a saturated hemoglobin molecule can carry
    53. Draw the Hb-oxygen dissociation curve, explain the significance of its shape, and explain how the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen changes with oxygen concentration
    54. Describe the Bohr effect and explain how the oxygen dissociation curve shifts with changes in carbon dioxide concentration and pH
    55. Explain the advantage of the Bohr shift
    56. Describe how carbon dioxide is picked up at the tissues and deposited in the lungs, the role of carbonic anhydrase, and the most common transport form of carbon dioxide
    57. Explain how hemoglobin acts as a buffer
    58. Describe respiratory adaptations of diving mammals including the role of myoglobin

Chapter Terms:

open circulatory system

hemolymph

sinuses

closed circulatory system

cardiovascular system

atrium

ventricles

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

capillary bed

venules

veins

systemic circuit

double circulation

pulmonary circuit

atrioventricular valve

semilunar valves

pulse

heart rate

cardiac cycle

systole

hemocyanin

diastole

cardiac output

stroke volume

sinoatrial (SA) node

pacemaker

atrioventricular (AV) node

electrocardiogram

endothelium

blood pressure

peripheral resistance

lymphatic system

lymph

lymph nodes

plasma

red blood cells

erythrocytes

hemoglobin

white blood cells

leukocytes

platelets

pluripotent stem cells

dissociation curve

erythropoietin

fibrinogen

fibrin

hemophilia

thrombus

cardiovascular disease

heart attack

stroke

artherosclerosis

arteriosclerosis

hypertension

low density lipoproteins (LDLs)

high density lipoproteins (HDLs)

gas exchange

respiratory medium

respiratory surface

gills

ventilation

countercurrent exchange

myoglobin

tracheal system

lungs

vocal cords

larynx

trachea

bronchi

bronchioles

alveoli

breathing

positive pressure breathing

negative pressure breathing

diaphragm

tidal volume

vital capacity

residual volume

parabronchi

breathing control centers

partial pressure

respiratory pigments

 

Chapter Outline Framework

    1. Circulation in Animals
      1. Transport systems functionally connect organs of exchange with body cells
      2. Most invertebrates have a gastrovascular cavity or a circulatory system for internal transport
      3. Closed cardiovascular systems accommodate gill breathing or lung breathing in vertebrates
      4. Rhythmic pumping of mammalian heart drives blood through pulmonary and systemic circuits
      5. Structural differences among blood vessels correlate with regional functions of the circulatory system
      6. Natural laws governing movement of fluid in pipes affects blood flow and blood pressure
      7. Transfer of substances between blood and interstitial fluid occurs across the thin walls of capillaries
      8. Lymphatic system returns fluid to blood and aids in body defense
      9. Blood is a connective tissue with cells suspended in plasma
      10. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the US and many other developed nations
    2. Gas Exchange in Animals
      1. Gas exchange supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and disposes of carbon dioxide
      2. Gills are respiratory adaptations of most aquatic animals
      3. Tracheal systems and lungs are respiratory adaptations of terrestrial animals
      4. Control centers in the brain regulate rate and depth of breathing
      5. Gases diffuse down pressure gradients in the lungs and other organs
      6. Respiratory pigments transport gases and help buffer the blood
      7. Deep-diving mammals stockpile oxygen and consume it slowly

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