Chapter 43: The Immune System
AP Biology
Stoneleigh-Burnham School
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Chapter Objectives

1. Explain nonspecific defense and list nonspecific lines of defense in vertebrate body
2. Explain how the physical barrier of skin is reinforced by chemical defenses
3. Define phagocytosis and list 2 types of phagocytic cells derived from white blood cells
4. Explain how the function of natural killer cells differs from the function of white blood cells
5. Describe the inflammatory response pattern and how it is triggered
6. Explain how the inflammatory response prevents the spread of infection to surrounding tissue
7. List several chemical signals that initiate and mediate the inflammatory response
8. Describe several systemic reactions to infections and explain how they contribute to defense
9. Describe a plausible mechanism for how interferon can fight viral infection and might act against cancer
10. Explain how complement proteins may be activate and how they function in cooperation with other defense mechanisms
11. Explain how the immune response differs from nonspecific defenses
12. Distinguish between active and passive immunity
13. Explain how humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity differ in their defensive activities
14. Outline the development of B and T lymphocytes from stem cells in red bone marrow
15. Describe where T and B cells migrate and explain what happens when they are activated by antigens
16. Characterize antigen molecules in general and explain how a single antigen molecule may stimulate the immune system to produce several different antibodies
17. Describe the mechanism of clonal selection
18. Distinguish between primary and secondary immune response
19. Describe the cellular basis for immunological memory
20. Describe the cellular basis for self-tolerance
21. Explain how the humoral response is provoked
22. Explain how B cells are activated
23. Diagram and label the structure of an antibody and explain how this structure allows antibodies to perform the following functions
    1. recognize and bind to antigens
    2. assist in destruction and elimination of antigens
24. Distinguish between variable (V) and constant (C) regions of an antibody molecule
25. Compare and contrast the structure and function of an enzyme's active site and an antibody's antigen-binding site
26. List the 5 major classes of antibodies in mammals and distinguish among them
27. Describe the following effector mechanisms of humoral immunity triggered by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes
    1. neutralization
    2. agglutination
    3. precipitation
    4. activation of complement system
28. Explain how monoclonal antibodies are produced and give examples of current and potential medical uses
29. Explain how T-cell receptors recognize self and how macrophages, B cells, and some T cells recognize one another in interactions
30. Describe an antigen-presenting cell (APC)
31. Design a flow chart describing the major sequence of events that follows the interaction between antigen presenting macrophages and helper T cells, including both cell-mediated and humoral immunity
32. Define cytokine and distinguish between interleukin I and interleukin II
33. Distinguish between T-independent and T-dependent antigens
34. Describe how cytotoxic T cells recognize and kill their targets
35. Explain how the function of cytotoxic T cells differs from that of complement and natural killer cells
36. Describe the function of suppresser T cells
37. Distinguish between complement's classical and alternative activation pathways
38. Describe the process of opsonization
39. For ABO blood groups
    1. list all possible combinations for donor and recipient in blood transfusions
    2. indicate which combinations would cause an immune response in the recipient
    3. state which blood type is the universal donor
40. Explain how the immune response to Rh factor differs from the response to A and B blood antigens
41. Describe the potential problem of Rh incompatibility between a mother and her unborn fetus and explain what precautionary measures may be taken
42. Explain why, other than identical twins, it is virtually impossible for 2 people to have identical MHC markers
43. Describe the rejection process of transplanted tissue in terms of normal cell-mediated immune response and describe how the immune system can be suppressed in transplant patients
44. List some known autoimmune disorders and describe possible mechanisms of autoimmunity
45. Explain why immunodeficient individuals are more susceptible to cancer than normal individuals
46. Describe an allergic reaction including the role of IgE, mast cells, and histamine
47. Explain what causes anaphylactic shock and explain how it weakens the immune system
48. Recall the infectious agent that causes AIDS and explain how it weakens the immune system
49. Explain how AIDS is transmitted and why it is difficult to produce vaccines to protect uninfected individuals
50. Describe what it means to be HIV-positive
51. Explain how general health and mental well being might affect the immune system

Chapter Terms:

Chapter Outline Framework

1. Nonspecific Defenses against Infection
   1. Skin and mucous membranes provide 1st-line barriers to infection
   2. Phagocytic cells, inflammation, and antimicrobial proteins function early in infection
2. Specific Immunity
   1. Lymphocytes provide specificity and diversity of immune system
   2. Antigens interact with specific lymphocytes inducing immune responses and immunological memory
   3. Lymphocyte development gives rise to an immune system that distinguishes self from non-self
3. Immune Responses
1. Helper lymphocytes function in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
2. In cell-mediated response, cytotoxic T cells defend against intracellular pathogens
3. In humoral response, B cells produce antibodies against extracellular pathogens
4. Immunity in Health and Disease
1. Immunity can be achieved naturally or artificially
2. Immune system capacity to distinguish self from non-self limits blood transfusion and transplantation
3. Abnormal immune function can lead to disease
4. Invertebrates have a rudimentary immune system

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