Chapter
Objectives
- Distinguish between
osmoregulators and osmoconformers
- Discuss the problems
that marine organisms, freshwater organisms, and terrestrial
organisms face in maintaining homeostasis and explain what
osmoregulatory adaptations serve as solutions to these problems
- Explain the role of
transport epithelia in osmoregulation
- Describe how a flame-bulb
(protonephridia) excretory system functions
- Explain how the metanephridial
excretory tubule of annelids functions and describe any structural
advances over a protonephridial system
- Explain how the Malpighian
tubule excretory system contributed to the success of insects
in the terrestrial environment
- Using a diagram, identify
and give the function of each structure in the mammalian excretory
system
- Using a diagram, identify
and give the function of each part of the nephron
- Describe and show the
relationship among the processes of filtration, secretion,
and reabsorption
- Explain the significance
of the fact that juxtamedullary nephrons are only found in
birds and mammals
- Explain how the loop
of Henle enhances water conservation by the kidney
- Describe the mechanisms
involved in the hormonal regulation of the kidney
- Describe structural
and physiological adaptations in the kidneys of non-mammalian
species that allow them to osmoregulate in different environments
- Explain the correlation
between type of nitrogenous waste produced (ammonia, urea,
or uric acid) by an organism and its habitat
- Describe the adaptive
advantages of endothermy
- Discuss 4 general categories
of physiological and behavioral adjustments used by land mammals
to maintain relatively constant body temperatures
- Distinguish between
the 2 thermoregulatory centers of the hypothalamus
- Describe the thermoregulatory
adaptations found in non-terrestrial animals
- Describe several mechanisms
of physiological acclimatization to new temperature ranges
- Distinguish between
hibernation and aestivation
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- Compare the response
times of the 2 major systems of internal communication (nervous
and endocrine systems)
- Distinguish among types
of chemical messengers (structural and functional differences)
- Distinguish between
endocrine and exocrine glands
- Describe the relationships
among endocrine system components:
- hormones
- endocrine glands
- target cells
- target cell receptors
- List the general chemical
classes of hormones and give examples of each
- Explain how pheromone
function differs from hormone function
- Provide indirect evidence
that humans may communicate with pheromones
- State which of the 2
classes of hormones is lipid soluble and explain how this
property affects hormone function
- Describe the mechanism
of steroid hormone action and explain the location and role
of steroid hormone receptors
- Explain how to account
for specificity in target cell response to hormonal signals
- Compare and contrast
the 2 general modes of hormone action
- Describe hormonal regulation
of insect development including the roles of ecdysone, brain
hormone, and juvenile hormone
- Describe the location
of the hypothalamus and explain how its hormone-releasing
cells differ from both endocrine gland secretory cells and
other neurons
- Describe the location
of the pituitary and explain the functions of the posterior
and anterior lobes
- List the posterior pituitary
hormones and describe their effects on target organs
- Using antidiuretic hormone
as an example explain how a hormone contributes to homeostasis
and how negative feedback can control hormone levels
- Define tropic hormone
and describe the functions of tropic hormones produced by
the anterior pituitary
- Explain how the anterior
pituitary is controlled
- List hormones of the
thyroid gland and explain their role in development and metabolism
- Diagram the negative
feedback loop which regulates the secretion of thyroid hormones
- State the location of
the parathyroid glands and describe hormonal control of calcium
homeostasis
- Distinguish between
alpha and beta cells in the pancreas and explain how their
antagonistic hormones (insulin and glucagon) regulate carbohydrate
metabolism
- List hormones of the
adrenal medulla, describe their function, and explain how
their secretion is controlled
- List hormones of the
adrenal cortex, describe their function, and explain how their
secretion is controlled
- Describe short-term
and long-term endocrine responses to stress
- Identify male and female
gonads and list the 3 categories of gonadal steroids
- Define gonadotropin
and explain how estrogen and androgen synthesis is controlled
- Describe the location
of the pineal and thymus glands, list their hormone products,
and describe their functions
- Explain how the endocrine
and nervous systems are structurally, chemically, and functionally
related
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Chapter
Terms:
Chapter
44 Terms |
thermoregulation
osmoregulation
excretion
conduction
convection
radiation
evaporation
ectotherm
endotherm
vasodilatation
vasoconstriction
countercurrent exchange
exchanger
nonshivering
thermogenesis
brown fat
acclimatization
stress-induced proteins
heat-shock proteins
torpor
hibernation
aestivation |
transport
epithelium
ammonia
uric acid
osmolarity
osmoconformer
osmoregulator
stenohaline
euryhaline
anhydrobiosis
filtration
secretion
reabsorption
protonephridium
metanephridium
Malpighian tubules
renal artery
renal vein
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
renal cortex
renal medulla |
nephron
glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
podocytes
proximal tubule
loop of Henle
distal tubule
collecting duct
cortical nephrons
juxtamedullary nephrons
afferent arteriole
efferent artriole
peritubular capillaries
vasa reta
antidiuretic hormone
juxtaglomerular apparatus
angiotensin II
aldosterone
renin
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system
atrial natriuretic
factor |
Chapter
45 Terms |
hormone
target cells
endocrine system
endocrine glands
neurosecretory cells
ecdysone
brain hormone (BH)
juvenile hormone (JH)
nitric oxide
growth factors
prostaglandins
signal-transduction
pathways
tropic hormones
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
anterior pituitary
releasing hormones
inhibiting hormones
posterior pituitary |
growth
hormone (GH) insulin-like
growth factors
prolactin (PRL)
follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone
(LH)
thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH)
gonadotropins
adrenoorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
melanocyte stimulating
hormone (MSH)
endorphins
pineal gland
melatonin
thyroid gland
triiodothyronine (T3
)
thyroxine (T4)
calcitonin
parathyroid glands
parathyroid hormone
(PTH)
pancreas |
islets
of Langerhans
alpha cells
glucagon
beta cells
insulin
type I diabetes mellitus
type II diabetes mellitus
adrenal glands
adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla
epinephrine
norepinephrine
catecholamines
corticosteroids
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
androgen
testosterone
estrogen
progestins |
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Chapter
Outline Framework
- Regulation
of Body Temperature
- 4
physical processes account for heat loss or gain
- Ectotherms
derive body heat mainly from surroundings and endotherms
derive body heat mainly from metabolism
- Thermoregulation
involves physiological and behavioral adjustments
- Most
animals are ectothermic but endothermy is widespread
- Torpor
conserves energy during environmental extremes
- Water
Balance and Waste Disposal
- Water
balance and waste disposal depend on transport epithelia
- Animal
nitrogenous wastes are correlated with phylogeny and habitat
- Cells
require balance between osmotic gain and loss of water
- Osmoregulators
expend energy to control their internal osmolarity; osmoconformers
are isoosmotic with their surroundings
- Excretory
Systems
- Most
excretory systems produce urine by refining a filtrate derived
from body fluids
- Diverse
excretory systems are variations on a tubular theme
- Nephrons
and associated blood vessels are the functional units of
the mammalian kidney
- From
blood filtrate to urine
- Mammalian
kidney's ability to conserve water is a key terrestrial
adaptation
- Nervous
and hormonal feedback circuits regulate kidney function
- Diverse
adaptations of the vertebrate kidney have evolved
- Interacting
regulatory systems maintain homeostasis
- Introduction
to Regulatory Systems
- Endocrine
system and nervous system are structurally, chemically,
and functionally related
- Invertebrate
regulatory systems clearly illustrate endocrine and nervous
system interactions
- Chemical
Signals and their Modes of Action
- Variety
of local regulators affect neighboring target cells
- Chemical
signals bind to specific receptor proteins within target
cells or on their surface
- Most
chemical signals bind to plasma membrane proteins initiating
signal-transduction pathways
- Steroid
hormones, thyroid hormones, and some local regulators enter
target cells and bind with intracellular receptors
- Vertebrate
Endocrine System
- Hypothalamus
and pituitary integrate many functions of the vertebrate
endocrine system
- Pineal
gland is involved in biorhythms
- Thyroid
hormones function in development, bioenergetics, and homeostasis
- Parathyroid
hormone and calcitonin balance blood calcium
- Endocrine
tissues of the pancreas secrete insulin and glucagon, antagonistic
hormones that regulate blood glucose
- Adrenal
medulla and adrenal cortex help the boy manage stress
- Gonadal
steroids regulate growth, development, reproductive cycles,
and sexual behavior
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