Chapter Objectives

1. Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction
2. list and describe 4 forms of asexual reproduction
3. Explain how asexual reproduction may be advantageous for a population of organisms living in a stable, favorable environment
4. Explain the advantages of sexual reproduction
5. Explain the importance of reproductive cycles
6. Distinguish among parthenogenesis, hermaphroditism, and sequential hemaphroditism
7. Describe 3 mechanisms which increase the probability of successful fertilization that are found in organisms that use external fertilization
8. List and describe various methods of parental care by animals
9. Using a diagram, identify and give the function of each part of the reproductive systems of an insect and a platyhelminth
10. Using a diagram identify and give the function of each component of the reproductive system of the human male
11. Using a diagram identify and give the function of each component of the reproductive system of the human female
12. Discuss hormonal control of reproduction in male mammals
13. Explain the differences between menstrual and estrous cycles
14. Discuss hormonal control of reproduction in female mammals
15. Explain how the menstrual cycle and ovarian cycle are synchronized in female mammals
16. Describe spermatogenesis
17. Describe oogenesis
18. Compare and contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis
19. Describe the hormonal changes which occur at puberty in humans
20. Describe the 4 phases of the sexual response cycle
21. Describe the changes which occur in the developing embryo and the mother during each trimester of a human pregnancy
22. Describe the hormonal control of a pregnancy in a human female
23. Explain the possible mechanisms which prevent the mother's immune system from rejecting the developing embryo
24. List various methods of contraception and explain how they work
25. Explain how technological advancements are used to study human reproduction problems

 

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26. List the 2 functions of fertilization
27. Describe the acrosomal reaction and explain how it ensures that gametes are conspecific
28. Describe the cortical reaction
29. Explain how acrosomal and cortical reactions function sequentially to prevent polyspermy
30. Describe changes that occur in an activated egg and explain the importance of cytoplasmic materials to egg activation
31. Explain the importance of embryo polarity during cleavage
32. Describe the process of gastrulation and explain its importance
33. List adult structures derived from each of the primary tissue layers
34. Using diagrams, identify the various stages of embryonic development of an amphibian
35. Distinguish between meroblastic cleavage and holoblastic cleavage
36. List and explain the functions of the extraembryonic membranes in bird and reptile eggs
37. Compare and contrast development in birds and mammals
38. Explain the relationships among polarity, cytoplasmic determinants, and development
39. Describe how cell extension, contraction, and adhesion are involved in shaping the embryo
40. Explain how interactions among the 3 primary tissue layers influence organogenesis
41. Explain the relationship between cytoplasmic cues and cell determination
42. Describe the importance of cell location and orientation along the 3 body axes with respect to polarity in the embryo, morphogenetic movements, and pattern formation
43. Explain how positional cues influence pattern formation

Chapter Terms:

Chapter Outline Framework

1. Overview of Animal Reproduction
   1. Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom
   2. Diverse means of sexual reproduction enable animals to produce identical offspring rapidly
   3. Reproductive cycles and patterns vary extensively among animals
2. Mechanisms of Sexual Reproduction
   1. Internal and external fertilization depend on mechanisms ensuring that mature sperm encounter fertile eggs of the same species
   2. Species with internal fertilization usually produce fewer zygotes but provide more parental protection than species with external fertilization
   3. Complex reproductive systems have evolved in many animal phyla
3. Mammalian Reproduction
   1. Human reproduction involves intricate anatomy and complex behavior
   2. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis both involve meiosis but differ in 3 significant ways
   3. Complex interplay of hormones regulates reproduction
   4. Embryonic and fetal development occur during pregnancy in humans and other eutherian (placental) mammals
   5. Modern technology offers solutions for some reproductive problems
4. Stages of Early Embryonic Development
   1. From egg to organism, an animal's form develops gradually (epigenesis)
   2. Fertilization activates the egg and brings together sperm and egg nuclei
   3. Cleavage partitions the zygote into many smaller cells
   4. Gastrulation rearranges the blastula to form a 3-layered embryo with a primitive gut
   5. In organogenesis the organs of the animal body form from the 3 embryonic germ layers
   6. Amniote embryos develop a fluid-filled sac within a shell or uterus
5. Cellular and Molecular Basis of Morphogenesis and Differentiation
   1. Morphogenesis in animals involves specific changes in cell shape, position, and adhesion
   2. Developmental fate of cells depends on cytoplasmic determinants and cell~cell induction
   3. Fate mapping can reveal cell genealogies in chordate embryos
   4. Eggs of vertebrates contain cytoplasmic determinants that help establish the body axes and differences among cells in the early embryo
   5. Inductive signals drive differentiation and pattern formation in vertebrates

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