A. Metabolism, Energy,
and Life
1. The chemistry of life
is organized into metabolic pathways
2. Organisms transform energy
a. Energy
b. Kinetic energy
c. Potential energy
d. Energy transformations: Examples
3. The energy transformations
of life are subject to two laws of thermodynamics
a. Thermodynamics
b. 1st Law
c. 2nd Law
d. Entropy
e. Closed System
f. Open System
4. Organisms live at
the expense of free energy
a. Free energy: criterion
for spontaneous change
b. Free energy and equilibrium
c. Free energy and metabolism
· Exergonic
· Endergonic
· Disequilibrium
5. ATP powers cellular
work by coupling exergonic to endergonic reactions
a. Mechanical work
b. Transport work
c. Chemical work
d. ATP structure and hydrolysis
e. ATP and work
f. ATP regeneration
B. Enzymes
1. Enzymes speed up metabolic
reactions by lowering energy barriers
2. Enzymes are substrate-specific
a. Substrate
b. Active site
c. Induced fit
3. The active site is
an enzyme's catalytic center
a. Steps in catalytic
cycle b.
Mechanisms for lowering activation energy
c. Rates of enzyme-controlled reactions
4. A cell's physical
and chemical environment affects enzyme activity
a. Temperature effects
b. pH effects
c. Cofactors
d. Enzyme inhibitors
· Competitive inhibition
· Noncompetitive inhibition
C. The Control of Metabolism
1. Metabolic control
often demands allosteric regulation
a. Allosteric regulation
b. Feedback inhibition
c. cooperativity
2. The location of enzymes
within a cell helps order metabolism