2~Chemistry

Chapter 2 Objectives

Concepts of Matter and Energy (pp. 22-23)

Differentiate clearly between matter and energy.
List the major energy forms and provide one example of how each energy form is used in the body.

Composition of Matter (pp. 23-28)

Define chemical element and list the four elements that form the bulk of body matter.
Explain how elements and atoms are related.
List the subatomic particles and describe their relative masses, charges, and positions in the atom.
Define radioisotope and describe briefly how radioisotopes are used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Molecules and Compounds (p. 28)

Recognize that chemical reactions involve the interaction of electrons to make and break chemical bonds.
Define molecule and explain how molecules are related to compounds.

Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions (pp. 28-36)

Differentiate between ionic, polar covalent, and nonpolar covalent bonds, and describe the importance of hydrogen bonds.
Contrast synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions.

Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter (pp. 36-48)

Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.
Differentiate clearly between a salt, an acid, and a base.
List several salts (or their ions) vitally important to body functioning.
Explain the importance of water to body homeostasis and provide several examples of the roles of water.
Explain the concept of pH and state the pH of blood.
Compare and contrast carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in terms of their building blocks, structures, and functions in the body.
Differentiate between fibrous and globular proteins.
Compare and contrast the structure and functions of DNA and RNA.
Define enzyme and explain the role of enzymes.
Explain the importance of ATP in the body.

Chapter 2 Outline Framework

CONCEPTS OF MATTER AND ENERGY (pp. 22-23)
Matter (p. 22)
- States
- Solids
- Liquids
- Gases
- Changes
- Physical Level
- Chemical Level
Energy (pp. 22-23)
- Forms of Energy
- Chemical Energy
- Electrical Energy
- Mechanical Energy
- Radiant Energy Energy from Conversions
COMPOSITION OF MATTER (pp. 23-28)
Elements and Atoms (pp. 23-24)
Atomic Structure (pp. 24-26)

MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS (p. 28)
CHEMICAL BONDS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS (pp. 28-36)
Bond Formation (pp. 28-33)
- Role of Electrons
Types of Chemical Bonds
- Ionic Bonds
- Covalent Bonds
- Hydrogen Bonds
Patterns of Chemical Reactions (pp. 33-36)
- Synthesis Reactions
- Decomposition Reactions
- Exchange Reactions
BIOCHEMISTRY: THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIVING MATTER (pp. 36-48)
Inorganic Compounds (pp. 36-39)
- Water
- High Heat Capacity
- Polarity/Solvent Properties
- Chemical Reactivity
- Cushioning
- Salts
Acids and Bases
- Characteristics of Acids
- Characteristics of Bases
- pH: Acid-Base Concentrations
Organic Compounds (pp. 39-48)
- Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
- Lipids
- Neutral Fats
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
- Proteins
- Fibrous and Globular Proteins
- Enzymes and Enzyme Activity
- Nucleic Acids
- Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Basic Chemistry (pp. 22~36)

Biochemistry (pp. 36~48)

Organic Compounds