Muscles

Chapter 6 Objectives

Overview of Muscle Tissues (pp. 154-158)
- Describe similarities and differences in the structure and function of the three types of muscle tissue and indicate where they are found in the body.
- Define and explain the role of the following: endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, tendon, and aponeurosis.
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle (pp. 158-159)
- Define muscular system.
- Describe the microscopic structure of skeletal muscle
- Explain the role of actin- and myosin-containing myofilaments.
Skeletal Muscle Activity (pp. 160-168)
- Describe how an action potential is initiated in a muscle cell.
- Describe the events of muscle cell contraction.
- Define graded response, tetanus, isotonic and isometric contractions, and muscle tone as these terms apply to skeletal muscle.
- Describe three ways in which ATP is regenerated during muscle activity. Define oxygen debt and muscle fatigue and list possible causes of muscle fatigue.
- Describe the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on skeletal muscles and other body organs.
Muscle Movements, Types, and Names (pp. 168-173)
- Define origin, insertion, prime mover, antagonist, synergist, and fixator as they relate to muscles.
- Demonstrate or identify the different types of body movements.
- List some criteria used in naming muscles.
Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles (pp. 173-185)
- Name and locate the major muscles of the human body (on a torso model, muscle chart, or diagram) and state the action of each.
Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System (p. 186)
- Explain the importance of a nerve supply and exercise in keeping muscles healthy.
- Describe the changes that occur in aging muscles.

Chapter 6 Outline Framework

OVERVIEW OF MUSCLE TISSUES (pp. 154-158)
Muscle Types (pp. 154-157)
- Skeletal Muscle
- Smooth Muscle
- Cardiac Muscle
Muscle Functions (pp. 157-158)
- Producing Movement
- Maintaining Posture
- Stabilizing Joints
- Generating Heat MICROSCOPIC
ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (pp. 158-159)
SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIVITY (pp. 160-168)
Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cells (pp. 160-163)
- The Nerve Stimulus and the Action Potential Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: The Sliding Filament Theory
Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole (pp. 164-165)
- Graded Responses
- Muscle Response to Increasingly Rapid Stimulation
- Muscle Response to Stronger Stimuli
Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction (pp. 165-168)
- Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt
- Types of Muscle Contractions
- Isotonic and Isometric Muscle Tone
- Effect of Exercise on Muscles
MUSCLE MOVEMENTS, TYPES, AND NAMES (pp. 168-173)
Types of Body Movements (pp. 168-171)
- Flexion
- Extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Rotation
- Circumduction
- Pronation
- Supination
- Inversion
- Eversion
- Dorsiflexion
- Plantar Flexion
Types of Muscles (p. 171)
- Prime Movers
- Anatgonists
- Synergists
- Fixators
Naming Skeletal Muscles (pp. 172-173)
GROSS ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLES (pp. 173-185)
Head Muscles (pp. 173-174)
- Facial Muscles
- Frontalis
- OrbicularisOculi
- Orbicularis Oris
- Buccinator
- Zygomaticus
- Chewing Muscles
- Masseter
- Temporalis
Trunk and Neck Muscles (pp. 174-177)
- Anterior Muscles
  - Platysma
  - Sternocleidomastoid
  - Pectoralis Major
  - Intercostal Muscles
- Muscles of the Abdominal Girdle
  - Rectus Abdominus
  - External Oblique
  - Internal Oblique
  - Transversus Abdominus
- Posterior Muscles
  - Trapezius
  - Latissimus Dorsi
  - Erector Spinae
Deltoid Muscles of the Upper Limb (pp. 177-178)

Muscles of the Humerus That Act on the Forearm
- Biceps Brachii
- Triceps Brachii

Muscles of the Lower Limb (pp. 178-185)
- Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint
  - Iliopsoas Adductor Muscles
  - Gluteus Maximus
  - Gluteus Medius
- Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint
  - Sartorius
  - Quadriceps Group
    - Rectus Femoris
    - Vastus Muscles
  - Hamstring Group
    - Biceps Femoris
    - Semimembranosus
  - Semitendinosus Muscles Causing Movement at the Ankle and Foot
    - Tibialis Anterior
    - Peroneus Muscles
    - Gastrocnemius
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM (p. 186)

Chapter 6 Terms: (Tips on Naming Muscles Muscle Basics Muscle Names)

Tips on Naming Skeletal Muscles 172~173

Direction of Muscle Fibers
- rectus
- oblique
Relative Size of Muscle Fibers
- maximus
- minimus
- longus
Location of the Muscle
- temporalis
- frontalis
Number of Origins
- biceps
- triceps
- quadriceps
Location of Origin and Insertion
- sterno
- cleido
- mastoid
Muscle Shape
- deltoid
Muscle Action
- flexor
- extensor
- adductor

Muscle Basics (pp. 154~173)

muscle fibers
skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle fibers
endomysium
perimysium
fascicle
epimysium
tendons
aponeuroses
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
muscle functions
muscular system
sarcolemma myofibrils
light (I) bands
dark (A) bands
sarcomeres
myofilaments
thick filaments
myosin
cross bridges
thin filaments
actin
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
motor unit
neuromuscular junctions
synaptic cleft
neurotransmitter
acethlcholine (ACh)
action potential
sliding filament theory
graded responses
muscle twitches
creatine phosphate
aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration
glycolysis/lactic acid formation
lactic acid
muscle fatigue
oxygen debt
isotonic contractions
isometric contractions
muscle tone
aerobic (endurance) exercise
resistance exercise
origin
insertion
flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
rotation
circumduction
pronation
supination
inversion
eversion
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
prime mover
antagonist
synergists
fixators

Muscle Names

Head Muscles
- frontalis
- orbicularis oculi
- orbicularis oris
- buccinator
- zygomaticus
- masseter t
- emporalis
Trunk and Neck Muscles
- platysma
- sternocleidomastoid
- pectoralis major
- intercostal muscles
- rectus abdominis
- external oblique
- internal oblique
- transversus abdominis
- trapeqius
- latissimus dorsi
- erector spinae
- deltoid
Arm Muscles
- biceps brachii
- triceps brachii
- deltoid
- flexor carpi radiali
- flexor carpi ulnaris
- flexor digitorum
- extensor carpi radialis
- extensor digitorum
Leg Muscles
- gluteus maxiums
- gluteus minimus
- iliopsoas
- adductor muscles
- sartorius
- quadriceps group
  - rectus femoris
  - vastus muscles
- hamstring group
  - biceps femoris
  - semimembraneous
  - semitendinosus
- tibialis anterior
- peroneus
- gastrocnemius